Salamanca Statement - 1439 Words

The Salamanca Statement (UNESCO, 1994) says: Regular schools with this inclusive orientation are the most effective means of combating discriminatory attitudes, creating welcoming communities, building inclusive society and achieving education for all; moreover, they provide an effective education to the majority of children and improve the efficiency and ultimately the cost effectiveness of the entire education system. (Quote from the Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education at: http://inclusion.uwe.ac.uk/csie/slmca/htm) Discuss the Salamanca Statement; what are the implications for society, schools and individual pupils? The Salamanca Statement (1994) could be seen as one of the most influential policy documents on inclusion. As a†¦show more content†¦The idea of inclusion should be one of balance every time with the needs of the individuals as a central point because: â€Å"Individuals need to develop characteristics that will enable them to respond to the opportunities inherent in inclusion†. (O’Brien 2001 p.30) Additionally it should not be taken for granted that all children will automatically be able to survive in inclusive environments once they are created. â€Å"Changes in individual human behaviour cannot be assured by the prescription and engineering inherent in imposed policy changes†. (O’Brien 2001 p.30) The impact of inclusion on individuals cannot be planned out in advance and would continue to need careful consideration at all times. Inclusion is not an overnight process, to achieve â€Å"education for all† mainstream schools have to provide equal opportunities for all children regardless of what their need may be. This is achievable by providing them access to the curriculum and encouraging full participation in school life. This would then lead to developing a community that would include clear policies, provisions and values for all. In creating a welcoming community and building an inclusive society education should be able to provide access for all. Providing clear policies, to all members of the community should enable them to ascertain what provisions are available to them. Regular schools that adopt the inclusive policy shouldShow MoreRelatedHow Legislation and Policies Influence Education in Australia 1009 Words   |  5 Pagesput into place to ensure diversity is being catered for and that no student is being excluded from the education system. Some of these policies and legislation include: The Disability Discrimination Act 1992, The Salamanca Statement, Disability Standards 2005, Inclusive Education Statement, Disabilities Services Act QLD 2006 and the Melbourne Declaration. As educators, it is important to acknowledge and implement these polices when planning activities/lessons/curriculum in the classroom. This essayRead MoreTheme 1: Legislation. The Irish Constitution Enshrines1521 Words   |  7 Pagesdisabilities have witnessed considerable development. Worldwide, as people with disabilities challenged the stigmatising and limiting nature of segregated education, issues of equality of access and educational opportunity gained impetus. The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Special Needs Education was a pivotal development in special needs education policy and provision internationally which advocated schools accommodating ‘all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotionalRead MoreThe Development Of Education During The Uk Since 19941678 Words   |  7 Pageschild’s behaviour and support their learning. The main problem of the Warnock report (1978) that came to light was that 20% of children in school could have had an SEN issue, but only 2% of these children would be getting the support they needed. Statements were introduced in the Education Act (1981) ensuring that children with SEN could be taught in special schools. The 1981 Special Educational Act followed on from The Warnock Report 1978, reaffirming some existing principles, but also introducedRead MoreDiversity, Inclusivity And Differentiation : Theory And Practice1962 Words   |  8 Pagesto high-quality schooling that is free from discrimination based on gender, language, sexual orientation, pregnancy, culture, ethnicity, religion, health or disability, socioeconomic background or geographic location (Inclusive education policy statement, 2016). Inclusive education involves embracing human diversity and welcoming all children and adults as equal members of an educational community. This involves valuing and supporting the participation of all people together within the mainstreamRead MoreThe Getting It Right For Every Child1495 Words   |  6 Pageseducational needs’ (Riddell, 2014; Cline and Frederickson 2014). The ASL Acts praises on the notion of assisting anybody at any time, and giving supplementary educational support when is it required (Riddell and Weedon, 2009; Cline et al., 2014). The Salamanca Statement 1994 (UNESCO, 1994) endorses the importance of inclusive education in respect of all abilities and/or disabilities. It argues that regular (mainstream) schools with inclusive orientation are the ‘most effective means of compacting discriminatoryRead MorePreparing Regular Education Teachers For Address The Diverse Needs Of Children With Special Needs2409 Words   |  10 Pagestraining programmes on inclusive education is critical to create a successful practice in regular schools. Therefore it is necessary to investigate to what extent an in- service teacher preparation program influnces effective inclusive practice. Statement of the problem Even though Sri Lanka accepted the concept of inclusive education there are no measures taken by the government to translate the theory into practice (Smith, 2003). In order to make inclusive practice effective it is critical toRead MoreThe Learning-Support Guidelines705 Words   |  3 Pagespolicy recommends a mainstream model where all children can learn together over segregated provision. Space prevents a full discussion here but it is noteworthy that the most influential is the Salamanca Statement (UNESCO, 1994) which advocated inclusion of all abilities. Subsequently, the Dakar Statement (UNESCO, 2000) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Persons with Disabilities (UN 2006), (two reports which have not been adopted in all countries) along with many EU policyRead MoreWhat Does Inclusive Education Means? Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesof suitable training is no excuse at law to avoid this liability. The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education (1995) was an important influence in the development of our current inclusive educational policies. As a teacher of inclusive education in 2014, we should be aware that the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians (MCEETYA, 2008) provides the general policy statements for the Australian Curriculum (ACARA, 2012). In the Australian CurriculumRead More Sister Souljah Essay675 Words   |  3 Pages Many people have said and think Sister Souljah is a racist. She has made a statement to let people know she is not a racist. She considers herself of being a black sister with an unselfish heart and wants to be heard and will be heard. Sister Souljah has impacted and affected our society today. To some people she is a threat and some people admire her work, thoughts, and music. She has stated I am mentally, emotionally, spiritually, physically, intellectually, and academically developed and acu telyRead MoreExamples Of Realism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher733 Words   |  3 Pageshaving noticed my presence, disappeared.†(19) This proves it is Magical realism because the statement gave the illusion that she was a ghost but in reality Madeline was just so sick that she was not paying much attention to her surroundings. Therefore â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is a great example of magical realism considering the elements in the story that seemed unreal but were real. (Carolina Salamanca) Both Gothic Literature and Magical Realism are similar because in both stories the endings

The Satirical Transformation Of Gulliver Essay - 1154 Words

The Satirical Transformation of Gulliver Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is difficult to come to terms with for a multitude of reasons. The most immediate problem is that of genre. How may Gulliver’s Travels be categorized? It’s a fiction; it’s written in prose; it’s a children’s tale; it’s a comedy; it’s a tragedy; however, to say this is to say very little. Clearly it’s satirical, but that is not to say it’s a satire. Arther E. Case, for example, thinks that it’s not a satire: â€Å"it would be more accurate and more illuminating to call it a politico-sociological treatise much of which is couched in the medium of satire† (Four Essays on Gulliver’s Travels p. 105). In response to Case’s classification, I offer a question: what’s the purpose of formal specification if there are numerous imprecise labels to which this work may conform? Swift’s masterpiece should be entitled to its own donnà ©e; thus, for the sa ke of this essay, I will shy from all comprehensive forms of categorization. Instead, I’ll consider Gulliver’s Travels on its own terms, sui generis, to interpret its unique presuppositions, many of which are expressed satirically. By allowing Gulliver, an uncritical lover of man, to become a hypercritical hater of man, Swift has it both ways: Gulliver functions as both the object and instrument of satire (Four Essays on Gulliver’s Travels 106). Perhaps one could reduce Gulliver’s voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms by describing it as a carefully devised fable; however, thisShow MoreRelatedThe Quarrel Between Two Princes1590 Words   |  7 Pagesfour of Gulliver?s Travels, by Johnathon Swift, as Gulliver begins explaining the state of England to the master Houyhnhnm, and more specifically, why princes in England go to war with one another. This passage is of particular import because it marks a dramatic shift in both tone and character development in Gulliver. While much of part four of Gulliver?s Travels is a satirical portrayal of England and its institutions, this quote coalesces that satire with disdain and self-loathing on Gulliver?s partRead More Satire in the Eighteenth Century Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesprestige, for his house had a door and several windows and his hall was actually draped in tapestry (Voltaire 19).   It is apparent that the use of the hyperbole, among other elements, played a cruc ial role in the potency of satire.    Satirical works can often be united by common themes.   Anti-feminism, governmental reform, religious dissension, peace, social perversity, duplicity, idiosyncrasy, and poverty are frequently highlighted in works of satire.   Jonathan Swifts novel Gullivers

The Fight Against Cyber Crime Free Essays

Running head: THE FIGHT AGAINST CYBER CRIME The Fight Against Cyber Crime: What Can We Do? Abstract Cyber crime is on the rise and every organization must recognize the danger and take necessary steps to help mitigate the threat. While many institutions worry more about hackers than cyber criminals, it is cyber crime that can cause the most damage. A hacker is more easily detected while a cyber criminal may already be in your network undetected. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fight Against Cyber Crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now While a hacker may try to breach a network for the thrill or to annoy, a cyber criminal will breach a network for monetary gain. This paper is intended to point out some of the risks of cyber crime and what a financial institute can do to help mitigate the threat of attack. Keywords: cyber crime, cyber attack, Information Technology Information Sharing and Analysis Center, IT-ISAC, Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center, FS-ISAC The Fight Against Cyber Crime: What Can We Do? While many institutions worry more about hackers than cyber criminals, it is cyber criminals that should make us more wary. A hacker is more easily detected while a cyber criminal may already be in your network undetected. While a hacker may try to breach a network for the thrill value or to annoy their victim, a cyber criminal will breach a network for monetary gain. This may include â€Å"data acquisition and storage, stealthy access to systems, identity collection and theft, misdirection of communications, keystroke identification, identity authentication, and botnets, among others† (Deloitte, 2010). According to a survey conducted in August 2011 by Ponemon Institute, for the 50 participating companies (see chart 1), the average time it takes an organization to resolve a cyber attack is 18 days with an average cost of $23,000 a day. An insider attack can average 45 days to contain. This does not include the value of any data lost, modified, or stolen in the process. This survey also showed the average annualized cost of cyber crime to financial institutions was $14,700,000 for 2011, up from $12,370,000 the previous year (see Chart 2). Chart 3 summarizes the types of attack methods experienced by the companies that participated in the survey (Ponemon, 2011). According to security firm Imperva, â€Å"The average large business sees 27 attacks per minute hitting its Website. Attackers can use automation technologies to generate up to seven attacks per second, or 25,000 attacks per hour† (Rashid, 2011). To build a sufficient IT security posture, it is important to assume that an unauthorized user can gain access to the network, and then structure the network to best protect the most valuable data. The valuable data can then â€Å"be tagged and monitored so that the organization knows where it is, where it is going, where it has gone, and on whose authority† (Deloitte, 2010). The organization also needs to understand that they need to not only monitor what is coming into their network but also what is leaving their network. This will help â€Å"detect activities enabled by techniques and technologies that mimic, exploit, or piggyback on the access of authorized users† (Deloitte, 2010). Using standard firewalls and anti-virus programs alone will not accomplish this. The organization must take a more proactive approach to protect its financial data. Now that we know what we need to do, how do we accomplish this? Some very basic steps include employee screening, employee training to help mitigate against social engineering, disabling account access of terminated employees, ensuring software updates and patches are properly implemented, and ensuring firewalls are properly configured. More advanced steps include, but are not limited to, setting up a demilitarized zone to help block the network from outside access, installing a honeynet system to look like an authentic part of the network to entice and trap intrusion attempts for further analysis, installing hard drive encryption and remote data wipe capability on all laptops and other mobile devices, and requiring smart card and pin number authentication (or some other form of multifactor authentication) to access sensitive data. The Ponemon survey revealed companies utilizing security information and event management (SIEM) solutions such as these average 24 percent less expense in dealing with cyber crime attacks (see chart 5). This reduction in cost is because companies that use SIEM solutions are better able to detect and contain, and therefore recover, from such attacks (see chart 6). Another important step for a financial institute to take is to become a member of the FS-ISAC (Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center). The FS-ISAC was founded in 1999 and led the way for the IT-ISAC (Information Technology Information Sharing and Analysis Center) which was founded in 2001. The purpose of these groups is for organizations to have the opportunity to share the security attacks and vulnerabilities they have experienced with other organizations in their field of industry. Given the sophistication, complexity, and evolution of cyber crime technologies and techniques, no sizable organization can plan and implement the necessary response alone. CIOs, CSOs, CROs, and cyber security rofessionals should share information, techniques, and technologies in their battle against cyber crime. (Deloitte, 2010) The importance of FS-ISAC was proven in 2000 when member companies where saved from a major denial-of-service attack that many other companies experienced (Hurley, 2001). As shown in chart 4, a denial-of-service attack can be costly. A more recent example of FS-ISAC at work is the August 23, 2011 report of the Help Net Security (International) Ramnit worm which uses Zeus Trojan tactics for banking fraud. As the FS-ISAC points out, â€Å"When attacks occur, early warning and expert advice can mean the difference between business continuity and widespread business catastrophe† (FS-ISAC, 2011). Knowing and having the chance to combat against these attacks can save an institute millions. In conclusion, financial institutions must stay vigilant to current and new cyber threats. Table 1 through 3 gives a breakdown of cyber threats and controls that can help reduce the impact if these threats become reality. It is important for an organization to enroll in its respective ISAC and to share in the lessons learned from previous attacks. While it would be almost impossible to learn about and prevent every type of attack, staying vigilant will help reduce the likelihood and the impact. References Deloitte Development LLC. (2010). Cyber Crime: A Clear and Present Danger. Retrieved December 23, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://eclearning. excelsior. edu/webct/RelativeResourceManager/Template/pdf/M7_Deloitte_CyberCrime. pdf FS-ISAC. (2011). Current Banking and Finance Report, Retrieved 24 December, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://www. fsisac. com/ Hurley, E. (2001, January 29). IT-ISAC: A Matter of Trust. Retrieved 24 December, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://searchsecurity. techtarget. com/news/517824/IT-ISAC-A matter-of-trust Ponemon Institute LLC. (2011, August). Second Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study. Retrieved December 24, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://www. arcsight. com/collateral/whitepapers/2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_August. pdf Rashid, F. (2011, July 25). Cyber-Criminals Use Botnets, Automation to Launch Multiple Blended Attacks. Retrieved December 24, 2011, from the World Wide Web: http://www. week. com/c/a/Security/CyberCriminals-Use-Botnets-Automation-to-Launch-Multiple-Blended-Attacks-656032/ Chart 1. Sample of Participating Companies by Industry (Ponemon, 2011) Average annualized cost by industry sector ($1M) *Industry was not represented in the FY2010 benchmark sample. Chart 2. Average annualized cost by industry sector (Ponemon, 2011) Types of Attack Methods Experienced Chart 3. Types of Attack Methods Experienced (Ponemon , 2011) Average annualized cyber crime cost weighted by attack frequency *The FY 2010 benchmark sample did not contain a DoS attack. Chart 4. Average annualized cyber crime cost (Ponemon, 2011) Comparison of SIEM and non-SIEM sub-sample of average cost of cyber crime Chart 5. Comparison cost of SIEM and non-SIEM companies (Ponemon, 2011) Chart 6 Percentage cost for recovery, detection containment (Ponemon, 2011) categoryFinancial Impact Regulatory ComplianceIndustry Reputation 4CriticalIncrease in costs greater than $1MFines in excess of $1MSignificant, sustained negative media exposure. Significant loss of business due to blemish on public image. 3MajorIncrease in costs $100K to $1MFines between $100K and $1MNegative media exposure. Loss of business due to blemish on public image. 2ModerateIncrease in costs less than $100KFines under $100KSome negative media exposure. Slight loss of business due to blemish on public image. 1MinorNo significant cost increase expectedNo fines expectedNo media exposure or loss of business expected. Table 1. Impact 4Imminent 3Highly Likely 2Possible 1Unlikely Table 2. Probability PxI (before controls / after controls) Financial Impact Regulatory Compliance Industry Reputation Controls Denial of service1x3=3 / 1Ãâ€"2=21Ãâ€"3=3 / 1Ãâ€"1=11Ãâ€"4=4 / 1Ãâ€"2=2Implement router filters, install patches to guard against SYC flooding, disable unused services Web-based attack2x3=6 / 2Ãâ€"2=42Ãâ€"3=6 / 2Ãâ€"2=42Ãâ€"4=8 / 2Ãâ€"2=4Restrict website access to only what customer needs, disable account log-in after 3 failed log-in attempts, require multifactor authentication to access sensitive data Malicious code2x4=8 / 2Ãâ€"2=42Ãâ€"4=8 / 2Ãâ€"2=42Ãâ€"4=8 / 2Ãâ€"2=4Software updates and patches, anti-virus and anti-spam software pdates, firewall configuration, employee training Malicious insider1x4=4 / 1Ãâ€"2=21Ãâ€"4=4 / 1Ãâ€"2=21Ãâ€"4=4 / 1Ãâ€"2=2Employee screening, disable account access for terminated employees, require multifactor authentication for access to data servers, least privilege, separation of duty Phishing social engineering 2Ãâ€"3=6 / 1Ãâ€"3=32Ãâ€"3=6 / 1Ãâ€"3=32Ãâ€"3=6 / 1Ãâ€"3=3Employee training, least privilege, separation of duty Stolen devices2x4=8 / 2Ãâ€"1=22Ãâ€"4=8 / 2Ãâ€"1=22Ãâ€"4=8 / 2Ãâ€"1=2Hard drive encryption, remote data wipe capability Botnets 3Ãâ€"3=9 / 3Ãâ€"1=33Ãâ€"3=9 / 3Ãâ€"1=33Ãâ€"3=9 / 3Ãâ€"1=3Software updates and patches, anti-virus and anti-spam software updates, firewall configuration, employee training Malware3x3=9 / 3Ãâ€"1=33Ãâ€"3=9 / 3Ãâ€"1=33Ãâ€"3=9 / 3Ãâ€"1=3Software updates and patches, anti-virus and anti-spam software updates, firewall configuration, employee training Viruses, worms, trojans4x3=12 / 4Ãâ€"1=44Ãâ€"3=12 / 4Ãâ€"1=44Ãâ€"3=12 / 4Ãâ€"1=4Software updates and patches, anti-virus and anti-spam software updates, firewall configuration, employee training Table 3. Risk Analysis How to cite The Fight Against Cyber Crime, Essay examples

Judaism And Their Believe In God Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Judaism And Their Believe In God. Answer: Jewish believes that there is only one God who has not only created the Universe, but he is regarded as the savior with whom a pious relationship can be created. The Jews believe in the creator, the contribution of mankind towards God and also to the land of Israel. According to Torah, the God is having a binding agreement with the Jews. God continues to act as a savior to the Jews people and in return, the Jewish always looks forward to serve God and represents the elements of his Holiness in the different aspects of their life. According to Rambans thirteen principles of faith, the religion Judaism does not constitute any dogmatism rather Jews believe in the proper implementation of their actions, than the words. Judaism not only looks forward to maintain a prudent relationship between the God and mankind, but also between the Jewish and their land of Israel. The thirteen principles further elaborate that a Jew must believe about the existence of only one God and he cannot be further subdivided into different Gods. God is above all the people living in the earth and God is present everywhere and all the time.